Introduction
Globalization of both the economy and the society has confronted the world over the past decade (Kim & Weaver 2000, p. 121; Ohmae 1990; Naisbitt & Aburdene 1990). Among the important contributors to world confederacy and the global economy are the advances in computerization, telecommunications, and other forms of information technology. A shift of focus and interest from the local market to the international setting has demanded innovation not just in corporate leadership as new information, forms of communication, and technology. These are being offered to be utilized in encouraging and reinforcing interaction among individuals and the operating enterprise. In the dawn of various processes such as globalization, industrialization and technological advancement, the international marketplace including the particular areas and systems is overly affected. Among the observable impacts of such emerging conditions in the business world is competition. Competition among the various industries in every given economy is rapid and stiff. It is as if ‘survival of the fittest, extinction of the weakest’ phenomenon. Today, as various industries are aiming for competitive advantage and sustainable development along with its management and operations, there are numerous actions that are being implemented and are directed to the eventual success and growth of the company’s assets. In competition, there is motivation in every business to improve and develop their objectives. For an enterprise to succeed in global competition, hence, there is a continuous plan to develop marketing techniques such as innovation of new products with higher quality than its competitors.
One of the most competitive industries that are prevalent in the international marketplace today is hospitality and tourism. It has quietly emerged to become an important force in many societies and economies in various parts of the world. Though not usually thought of as a single cohesive industry, the growth of tourism since the conclusion of World War II has nonetheless been dramatic. Today, the presence of higher discretionary incomes, smaller family size, changing demographics, lower transportation costs, improved public health standards, infrastructure development, and hospitable environments for tourists in many destinations have made tourism, especially long-distance tourism, an activity within the reach and desires of many members of many nations (Urry 1990; Eadington & Smith 1992; Ap & Crompton 1998).
Furthermore, developments in marketing, management, vertical and horizontal integration, pricing, and tour packaging, as well as capital investments in physical facilities and public infrastructure, have provided tourism with the necessary framework to allow the tremendous growth it has experienced over the past half century. Thus, tourism has indeed emerged as an industry which, according to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), in 1989 generated approximately 74 million jobs in its direct and service-related industries, such as airlines, hotels, travel services, and publications.
The ability of a business to stay in significant period of time in the industry where it belongs is one measure of its success. This means that being able to survive is a necessity and survival translates to the ability of a business to compete. Since the 1980s, marketing strategies have played key roles in planning to overcome challenges. It is believed that this line of thinking will continue to direct the activities of business into the 21st century (Paley 1999). Every business is subject to factors that affect its whole functions. These factors are the ones attributed for the success or even the failure of its management (Oliver 1997). In lieu, there are certain ways or techniques that can be considered in order to emerge and continue to be competitive within the marketplace in terms of marketing. In a profit-making business like tourism, the business organization obviously has to try and achieve this level of customer satisfaction as a way of staying ahead of the competition and making a profit (Moschis 1994).
In tourism industry, the challenge to provide something satisfactory not only to gratify the demands of the tourists but also to persuade them to repeat the experience is vital. Thus, there is a need to innovate new attractions, features and programs that are included in a tour package per se. among the various aspects of the tourism industry that continues to grow include health tourism and leisure, heritage and cultural, adventure, sports and extreme, agritourism and environment tourism.
This paper aims to provide introductory concepts of tourism with particular attention given to environmental tourism. Specifically, the discussion includes the modes of travel, socio-economic planning, policy formulation and regulations.
ENVIRONMENTAL TOURISM
Tourism is a broad term covering a wide array of activities making it the largest industry in the world. There is no distinct way of determining whether a particular activity is deemed as part of tourism. Majority of authors define tourism within the context of leisure and recreation. According to Pearce (1987, p. 1) “tourism may be through of as the relationships and phenomena arising out of journeys and temporary stays of people traveling primarily for leisure or recreation purposes”. Moreover, Leiper (1995, p. 20) defined it as “the theories and practice of traveling and visiting places for leisure related purposes”. Thus, the concepts of leisure, recreation and tourism are realized in a variety of activities that offers the opportunity for people to experience enjoyment, satisfaction as well as self-expression making the overall experience motivational. Tourism is also designated from other activities due to its independence from activities involving employment or family care. People engage in tourism voluntarily and as a matter of choice because it is a want. However, the WTO broadened the concept of tourism as “the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes” (Pigram 1996, p. 227).
Environmental tourism, on the other hand, is sustainable tourism that includes the exploration of the environment and its natural resources. Also know as ecological tourism or ecotourism, its principles revolve around outdoors activities such as nature, wilderness adventure travel, birding, camping, skiing, whale watching, and archeological digs that take place in marine, mountain, island and desert ecosystems (McLaren 1998, p. 97). It also covers the local cultures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on the planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions.
Tourism, particularly international tourism that includes all other types of tourism, remains a consistently productive industry in a volatile global economy. Tourism and travel make up one of the world’s largest industries. In 1999, the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) also reports that across the global economy, travel and tourism generates directly and indirectly: 11% of GDP; 200 million jobs; 8% of total employment; and 5.5 million new jobs per year until 2010. World Tourism Organization (WTO) data for 1999 show that 663 million people spent at least one night in a foreign country, up 4.1 per cent over the previous year. Spending on international tourism reached US$453 billion – a growth rate of nearly 3 per cent over 1998 (WTO 2002). Ghimire (2001, p. 99) added that tourism is frequently perceived as an outstanding means of invigorating and branching out the regional economic base, creating new employment and income potentials for communities and fortifying interpersonal contacts.
Many tourism studies have given much importance on knowing why people travel, which destinations they choose and the factors that play an important role in the selection of vacation destination (Orth 2002). Much of the tourism studies have been focused on the push and the pull factors (Mak & Moncur 1980; Um & Crompton 1990 in Orth 2002). Push or motivational factors enable potential tourist to develop attitudes toward traveling while pull factors refer to the attractions in destinations.
According to most studies (Aaker 1989; Porter 1990; Crouch & Ritchie 1999; Dwyer & Kim 2006), success in tourism marketplace lies on the overall attractiveness and the experiences a destination delivers to its visitors. The strength and weaknesses of a tourism destination can be recognized through determining the factors underlying destination competitiveness. Destination competitiveness determines the ability of a destination to attract markets and is linked to the ability of a destination to deliver goods and services that perform better than other destinations. Crouch and Ritchie (1999) develop a model that lists the factors that influence tourism.
Tourism is not just something that occurs in the environments of destinations overseas but is a function of the interaction of different factors in contemporary society (Holden 2003). Thus, there are many factors to be considered in dealing with such subject.
MODES OF TRAVEL
With the evolution of tourism industry, comes the commercialization of tourism. Evidence shows that over the last four decades, the dominant model of tourism production has been shifting from Fordist mass tourism to post-Fordism model of tourism production (Urry 1990). Basically, Fordism is a stage in the development of 20th century capitalism. It is marked by intense relationships between governments, unions, and international capital (Urry 1990). Moreover, Urry states that distinct divisions associated with the Fordist model are being broken down because the era of mass communication has transformed the taste of tourists.
The mass consumption of a standardized product is a guide to new ways of competing and cooperating (Williams & Montanari 1995). Increasingly, changing cultural values, business and national competition for tourism, and improvements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are all facilitating greater emphasis on more individualistic or specialized forms of holidays (Williams & Montanari 1995).
Taking up the facts from Wikipedia contributors (2006), it is indicated that there are many forms of tourism that emerged from the past few decades. They are also tagged as “niche tourism” and have been becoming more popular up to these days. Along with the promising prospective of different needs and demands of tourists, there are numerous types of travel that came into the global market. Here are some examples:
Adventure tourism: tourism involving travel in rugged regions, or adventurous sports such as mountaineering and hiking (tramping).
Agritourism: farm based tourism, helping to support the local agricultural economy.
Ancestry tourism: (also known as genealogy tourism) is the travel with the aim of tracing one's ancestry, visiting the birth places of these ancestors and sometimes getting to know distant family.
Armchair tourism and virtual tourism: not travelling physically, but exploring the world through internet, books, TV, etc.
Audio tourism: includes audio walking tours and other audio guided forms of tourism including museum audio guides and audio travel books.
Bookstore Tourism is a grassroots effort to support independent bookstores by promoting them as a travel destination.
Cultural tourism: includes urban tourism, visiting historical or interesting cities, such as Berlin, Kathmandu, Lahore, Lima, Buenos Aires, London, Paris, Delhi, Rome, Prague, Dubrovnik, Beijing, Istanbul, Kyoto, Warsaw, and experiencing their cultural heritages. This type of tourism may also include specialized cultural experiences, such as art museum tourism where the tourist visits many art museums during the tour, or opera tourism where the tourist sees many operas or concerts during the tour.
Dark tourism: is the travel to sites associated with death and suffering. The first tourist agency to specialise in this kind of tourism started with trips to Lakehurst, New Jersey, the scene of the Hindenburg airship disaster.
Disaster tourism: travelling to a disaster scene not primarily for helping, but because it is interesting to see. It can be a problem if it hinders rescue, relief and repair work.
Drug tourism: travel to a country to obtain or consume drugs, either legally or illegally.
Ecotourism: sustainable tourism which has minimal impact on the environment, such as safaris (Kenya), Rainforests (Belize) and hiking (Lapland), or national parks.
Educational tourism: may involve travelling to an education institution, a wooded retreat or some other destination in order to take personal-interest classes, such as cooking classes with a famous chef or crafts classes.
Extreme tourism tourism associated with high risk .
Gambling tourism, e.g. to Atlantic City, Las Vegas, Palm Springs, California, Macau or Monte Carlo for the purpose of gambling at the casinos there.
Garden tourism visiting botanical gardens famous places in the history of gardening, such as Versailles and the Taj Mahal.
Heritage tourism: visiting historical (Rome, Athens, Cracow) or industrial sites, such as old canals, railways, battlegrounds, etc.
Health tourism: usually to escape from cities or relieve stress, perhaps for some 'fun in the sun', etc. Often to Sanatoriums or "health spas".
Hobby tourism: tourism alone or with groups to participate in hobby interests, to meet others with similar interests, or to experience something pertinent to the hobby. Examples might be garden tours, amateur radio DX-peditions, or square dance cruises.
Inclusive tourism: tourism marketed to those with functional limits or disabilities. Referred to as "Tourism for All" in some regions. Destinations often employ Universal Design and Universal Destination Development principles.
Medical tourism, e.g.:
- for what is illegal in one's own country, such as abortion or euthanasia
- for advanced care that is not available in one's own country
- in the case that there are long waiting lists in one's own country
- for use of free or cheap health care organisations.
Pop-culture tourism: tourism by those that visit a particular location after reading about it or seeing it in a film.
Perpetual tourism: wealthy individuals always on vacation; some of them, for tax purposes, to avoid being resident in any country.
Pilgrimage Tourism: pilgrimages to ancient holy places (Rome and Santiago de Compostela for Catholics, Temples and stupas of Nepal for the Hindus and Buddhist, Mount Athos or Painted churches of northern Moldavia for the Orthodox), religious sites such as mosques, shrines, etc.
Sex tourism: travelling solely for the purpose of sexual activity, usually with prostitutes.
Solo Travel: travelling alone.
Sport travel: skiing, golf and scuba diving are popular ways to spend a vacation. Also in this category is vacationing at the winter home of the tourist's favorite baseball team, and seeing them play everyday.
Space tourism: traveling in outer space or on spaceships.
Vacilando is a special kind of wanderer for whom the process of travelling is more important than the destination.
Wine tourism, the visiting of growing regions, vineyards, wineries, tasting rooms, wine festivals, and similar places or events for the purpose of consuming or purchasing wine.
With these given modes of travel and tourism – may it be air, land or water in nature, activities and programs particularly prescribed by tourism authorities and tourists them selves are diverse and individually provides an incomparable and unique travel experience.
TOURISM AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLANNING
Tourism is a "hidden" industry, encompassing transportation, lodging, and entertainment (Harrill & Potts 2003). Unfortunately, tourism is also invisible to many planners, so tourism development is often left to private developers and leisure service providers. Scholarship on tourism planning remains scarce some 15 years after it was announced as one of planning's "emerging specializations". Given tourism's substantial social, economic, and environmental impacts – positive and negative, planners can no longer afford to dismiss tourism as tangential to other planning functions.
In marketing, it is important to recognize the most appropriate technique to be used in promoting the goals of the business. With this, the management‘s decision in conceptualizing the strategy to be utilized in all the operations of the business is crucial. The position that the management will take in relation to this matter can make or break the overall stature of the firm. As a universal fact, it is natural for every goal-oriented business to plan. So, it is also relevant to consider planning. Strategic planning is the most useful technique that any profit-generating institution might apply.
Socio-economic situations are crucial factor that influences tourism in a destination while society and economy is influenced by economic activities, jobs, industry, policy and law as well as the technological innovation and political stability in a country. The economy of a country may also provide and overview of what a destination can offer, the prices of the goods and services and the available resources that may satisfy travelers and tourists (Mak 2004). Thus, the particular recognition of socio-economic factors, there is a definite need to implement effective and efficient socio-economic planning.
Strategic planning could be used in considering socio-economic situations in tourism. Strategic planning consists of the process of defining objectives and developing strategies to reach those objectives. In marketing, strategic planning is defined as an organization-wide planning as a way of responding to market opportunities, external environment and target audiences; when doing strategic marketing planning, the decision must be in line with the mission, vision, internal strengths and resources available to the company (Hannagan 1992; Kotler & Andreasen 1996; Andreasen & Kotler 2003; Meek & Meek 2003). It has been stated that strategic marketing planning takes place in the context of corporate planning (Thomas & Gardner 1985; Meek & Meek 2003). In terms of tourism particularly environmental tourism, strategic planning serves as the regulating mechanism that will define the extent of tourism activities as well as featured places. Setting objectives that are directed to the economic and social development are not always limited to the national leadership but also involves community participation especially the people who inherently exist in specified areas. It is also important that strategies that are implemented to achieve such goals are consulted to every parties involved. Since environmental tourism is a promising and profit-oriented industry, the need to protect the natural well-being of the area and its other related aspects is prioritized. Socio-economic planning therefore is focused on the sustainability and tourism development.
Recently, the concept of sustainable development provided new momentum for tourism planning. For example, Hall (2000) and Inskeep (1991) identified sustainable development as a primary planning and development theme. In addition, Gunn (1994) considered sustainable development as a critical element of effective tourism planning. Recent contributions to tourism planning show a diversity of perspectives. For example, Judd & Fainstein (1999) focused on urban tourism as an economic development strategy. Bosselman and colleagues (1999), on the other hand, advanced tourism planning from a growth management perspective and presents case studies of historic districts (e.g. Santa Fe and New Orleans). Marcouiller (1997) and Ioannides (1995) address rural tourism planning in the United States and tourism planning in less developed countries. Marcouiller (1995) extensive tourism planning bibliography remains a useful guide to seminal research in the field. Finally, the WTO’s (1994) National and Regional Tourism Planning offer tourism planning case studies from an international perspective.
This may be the case since strategic management planning is an organization-wide task. Corporate management is process of leading an organization by deploying and manipulating resources. In tourism, corporate management is done by local and national authorities entitled to deal on tourism activities, practices, policies and regulations, and their implementations. As such, strategic management, which includes strategic marketing planning, takes place in the context of the corporate arrangement. In addition, the analyses being performed include the investigation of the internal weaknesses and strengths of the endeavor in relation to the overall outcome. This means that the whole management should be involved in the process. Aside from investigating the weaknesses and strengths, strategic positioning is also and important aspect of strategic marketing planning (Kotler & Andreasen 1996; Hooley et al. 1998; 2001). Thus, strategic planning creates an avenue for future positive results in relation to the outside world as well as adaptation of potential programs and actions within a long-range planning process of the organization.
Tourism's excessive craving for basic resources like land, water and energy, has preordained that the tourism industry and government agencies are progressively finding themselves more in opposition over land rights and water rights by local individuals. Inadequacy of access by local residents to public beaches, contravention by hotels of environmental directives, and rough policies by local authorities to open beach regions for hotels' employment have all been mentioned in legal disagreements all over the world. Therefore, the modern world is exemplified by mass concentrations of individuals, mass production, and mass actions. Assortment and magnificence of land and life are increasingly substituted by standardization and unattractiveness. Human settlements in their mad rush for growth have converted attractive tree-clad backgrounds into uninhabited concrete jungles, and rich lands with varied local foliage are ever more ruined by monocultures (Moli 2003).
With this case, tourism and socio-economic planning is not limited to revenues alone. The planning stage considers the human, environmental, and other related factors. As tourism planners deal with the creation of programs and activities that will persuade tourists, the consideration in the risks that might be arising throughout the period is necessary. Social factors as well as economic capabilities are always taken at hand. Consequently, tourism planning in general is not only goal-oriented but also tackles the inclusive area of action. Like most economic enterprise, planning plays a vital role. Through planning, there is a specified objective to be attained at a specified time.
TOURISM AND POLICY FORMULATION AND REGULATIONS
Although tourism is a familiar aspect of contemporary life, particularly for the majority of people living in the countries of the developed world, it is only relatively recently that it has emerged as a significant aspect of society. The growth in demand for tourism is a reflection of a range of changes that have occurred in society (Holden 2003). The significance of the mass participation in international tourism from an environmental viewpoint is that an increasing number and variety of physical and cultural environments are being exposed to tourism, with a range of consequences.
Development and promotion of tourism as well as the sustainability of a destination’s tourism lies in the hand of the government and tourism authorities as well as in the organizations that promote tourism in the region. Local authorities play a key role in the tourism industry. They provide funds to the area tourism boards, and offer a buffet of services to businesses and visitors. Their major responsibilities include transportation, planning, tourism signposting, health and safety, and licensing. These things have a direct impact on the potential success of an area to become a tourist destination. They also control the main public facilities such as museums and galleries, theatres, parks, sporting facilities, and conference facilities. Other local authorities have their own tourism officers who will take charge of the issues concerning to tourism within their respective local authority areas (ICLEI 2003).
Today, there are a handful of particular policies schemes have been in progress along these lines in different regions (Ghimire 2001, p. 99). In policy formulation and regulation, tourism authorities as previously stated are aiming for sustainable tourism. Thus, it equates that all policies and laws are directed to the mutual protection of tourists, the environment, inhabitants of the area, and others. Decision making and taking are extended from national to community level. Tourism development is a complex yet crucial dimension in policy formulation and regulation.
According to Gray (1997), there are specific motives why governments all over the world sustain the development of tourism. Initially, the prospective for tourism to produce foreign currency is vital, even more so in countries which have artificial or controlled exchange rates, or which are, frequently accordingly, caused to undergo balance of payments difficulties. Second is the truth that tourism is labor exhaustive, and generates employment throughout the economy. Similarly, tourists pay out money on lodges, transportation, and meals, but also on an extensive assortment of goods and services. Third is the actuality that the tourism industry does not, in general, have need of costly or intricate technology or an extremely skilled labor force. With the exemption of a handful of multifaceted projects like airline operations, investment in tourism is not relatively costly, and will frequently give back a profit practically speedily. Furthermore, a lot of nations previously have prepared the basic and most imperative prerequisites for the improvement of the tourism segment; an agreeable climate, striking surroundings, historical locations, and welcoming population. In other words, governments frequently sense that their nation possesses an unexploited economic resource, and come to a decision to take advantage of it (Gray, 1997).
Meanwhile, ecocentrics support development decision making at local level, not only on democratic principles, but also on the presumption that local people are more likely to act as stewards of the environment than external parties (Holden 2003). However, community participation in planning and development may or may not be successful in encouraging people to favour less environmentally damaging development options, as attitudes to the physical environment are likely to reflect economic priorities. Even when tourism is presented to a local community as a less environmentally damaging development option than other forms of economic activity, it may not be favoured by the local community. Thus, policy formulation and implementation is necessary.
The direct relevance of environmental tourism or ecotourism to sustainability following the principles of Wight (1994) (Figure 1) is highlighted by Shackley (1996, p. 13) and stated that ecotourism projects should meet the following criteria. They must:
• be sustainable (defined as meeting present needs without compromising the ability to meet future needs)
• give the visitor a unique and outstanding experience
• maintain the quality of the environment.
Further, Waldeback (1995) also suggests a range of goals that should be accommodated within the process of ecotourism development:
Figure 1
Guiding Principles for Ecotourism
• It should not degrade the resource and should be developed in an environmentally sound manner
• It should provide long-term benefits to the resource, to the local community and industry (benefits may be conservation, scientific, social, cultural, or economic)
• It should provide first-hand, participatory and enlightening experiences
• It should involve education amongst all parties - local communities, government, non-governmental organisations, industry and tourists (before, during and after the trip)
• It should encourage all-party recognition of the intrinsic values of the resource
• It should involve acceptance of the resource on its own terms, and in recognition of its limits, which involves supply-oriented management
• It should promote understanding and involve partnerships between many players, which could include government, non-governmental organisations, industry, scientists and locals (both before and during operations)
• It should promote moral and ethical responsibilities and behaviour towards the natural and cultural environment by all players
• Sustainable use
• Resource conservation
• Cultural revival and decolonisation
• Economic development and diversification
• Life enhancement and personal growth
• Maximum benefits and minimal costs/impacts
• Learning about the natural culture and environment.
Source: Wight (1994, p. 40)
Based upon the principles and goals of ecotourism described by Wight (1994), Waldeback (1995) and Shackley (1996), it is evident that ecotourism places a much heavier emphasis upon conservation, education and ethics than mass tourism. The emergence of a form of tourism that is based upon the premise of an ethical relationship with the environment is reflective of changes that are occurring in the consumer market for tourism.
The role of the civil society in tourism policy formulation and regulation is also recognized. In environmental tourism, civil societies serve as watchdogs and caretakers of the tourism activities and featured places. Most tourism planners consider maintaining and improving resident-tourist relations critical to the long-term viability of tourism destinations (Ap & Crompton 1998). Resident attitudes toward tourism development range along a variety from negative to positive. Milman and Pizam (1988) found that despite positive feelings toward tourists, residents often noted specific negative impacts. These impacts included increases in unsafe traffic conditions, crime, drug addiction, and alcoholism. Benefits perceived by residents included increased employment opportunities, income, tax revenues, and quality of life. Many tourism researchers have assumed that determining sources of negative impacts can result in policies that mitigate them and improve resident attitudes (e. g., Lankford 1994). McCool and Martin (1994) hypothesized that residents with strong feelings of community attachment were more likely to have negative attitudes toward tourism development than less attached residents, but their results refuted this notion.
Thus, in formulation and regulation of tourism policies, the participation of the national leadership and the community must be taken at hand. Though tourism may perhaps bring about an assortment of potential advantages, unrestrained mass tourism (including environmental tourism), which is the most predominant structure of tourism nowadays may unavoidably boost the previously existing conflicts, in addition to generating new ones (Moli 2003).
In general, policy formulation and regulation is interconnected with the strategic planning being singled out by tourism authorities and other related participants. The plans are linked with the aims of providing profitable yet sustainable tourism. Tourism as a contributory factor to the national economy is regulated as to protect the welfare of natural and human resources. Majority of modern societies who venture in tourism consider the risks, limitations, challenges and opportunities that are related to the tourism activities and programs. In recognizing such factors, sustainability and development is guaranteed.
CONCLUSION
Tourism is a growing business and like other industries, it involves innovations for product/service differentiation and diversity. The quest for cutting-edge activities offering a high probability for customer patronage resulted to the development of venues and activities extremely different from the usual beach experience. Contemporary tourism targeted not only the leisure and recreational demands of people but ventured into people’s interests and love of nature and its resources. These different activities related to nature created a type of tourism called environmental tourism or ecotourism.
The different modes of travel and tourism, may it be based in land, water or air, are deliberately operating in their chosen fields and specialties. Given the fact that they differ in tourism activities, features and programs, they are unarguably similar in terms of objectives – to provide unforgettable travel experiences to tourists and at the same time maintaining the balance of economic activity and tourism sustainability and development.
Tourism and socio-economic planning is also important prior to the implementation of any tourism activity or program. In socio-economic planning, strategic planning is recommended as to effectively and efficiently manage specified aims and available resources. Plans to be implemented are always defined to be sustainable and in accordance to the protection and development of the involved parties such as the nature itself and people. In the case of economic development, measuring the contribution of tourism especially environmental tourism should consider not only the revenue derived from these activities but also the financial and non-financial costs incurred by the community. In relation to social development, there should be a healthy cultural exchange so that the cultural integrity of the community is protected. This means that hosting environmental tourism and revenue generation should not compromise the culture of the community by espousing false information about the culture or by forcing the community to adopt a foreign culture to draw the attention of tourists. In terms of environmental development, there should be regulated utilization of natural resources to maintain ecological balance.
Consequently, the policy formulation and implementation is guided with the principle of sustainability and development. National leadership and tourism authorities and other related participants are involved in such mechanisms. Similarly, the role of civil societies is also recognized. All in all, with the incorporation of all the elements of tourism and its management, the prime purpose of tourism to provide unforgettable travel experience and at the same time generate profit for the community is not far at hand. But then again, the importance of sustainability and development in tourism is equivalently linked with responsibility to Mother Nature.
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